Bread and salt
Bread and salt is a welcome greeting ceremony
in many European cultures. The tradition,
known by its local Slavic names: Belarusian: Хлеб і соль; Bulgarian: Хляб и
сол; Macedonian: Леб и сол; Croatian: Kruh i sol; Serbian: Хлеб и со; Polish:
Chleb i Sól; Slovak: Chlieb a soľ; Czech: Chléb a sůl; Slovene: Kruh in sol;
Russian: Хлеб-соль, Ukrainian: Хліб-сіль was also adopted by three non-Slavic
nations — Lithuanians, Latvians (both Baltic) and Romanians (Latin) — all three
of which are culturally and historically close to their Slavic neighbours
(Lithuanian: Duona ir druska. Latvian: Sālsmaize and Romanian: Pâine și sare).
It is also common in Armenia (Armenian: աղ ու հաց, agh u hats).
When important, respected, or admired guests
arrive, they are presented with a loaf of bread placed on a rushnik
(embroidered towel). A salt holder or a salt cellar is placed on top of the
bread loaf or secured in a hole on the top of the loaf. In modern Russia, on
official occasions, the "bread and salt" is presented by young women
dressed in national costumes (e.g., sarafan and kokoshnik).
Kupala Night
Kupala Night, also known as Ivan Kupala Day
(Feast of St. John the Baptist; Russian: Иван-Купала; Belarusian: Купалле;
Ukrainian: Іван Купала; Polish: Noc Kupały), is celebrated in Ukraine, Belarus,
Baltic countries and Russia currently on the night of 6/7 July in the Gregorian
or New Style calendar, which is 23/24 June in the Julian or Old Style calendar
still used by many Orthodox Churches. In Poland (Mazowsze and Podlasie) it is
celebrated on the night of 23/24 June. Calendar-wise, it is opposite to the winter
holiday Koliada. The celebration relates to the summer solstice when nights are
the shortest and includes a number of Slavic rituals.
Koliada
Koliada or koleda (Cyrillic: коляда, коледа,
колада, коледе) is an ancient pre-Christian winter ritual/festival. It was
later incorporated into Christmas.
The word is still used in modern Ukrainian
("Коляда", Kolyadá), Belarusian (Каляда, Kalada, Kalyada), Ruan,
Russian (Коляда, Kolyada), Polish (kolęda [kɔˈlɛnda]), Bulgarian, Macedonian,
Serbian (Коледа, Коледе) Lithuanian (Kalėdos, Kalėda) and Bosnian, Croatian,
Czech, Slovak, Slovene (koleda),. The word used in Old Church Slavonic language
(Колѧда) sounds closest to the current Polish language pronunciation, as Polish
is the only Slavic language which retains the nasal vowels of the Proto-Slavic
language. One theory states that Koliada is the name of a cycle of winter
rituals stemming from the ancient calendae.
Some claim it was named after Kolyada, the
Slavic god of winter or Koliada, the goddess who brings up a new sun every day.
In modern Ukrainian, Russian (koliada),
Czech, Slovak, Croatian (koleda), Kashubian kòlãda, Romanian (colindă) and
Polish (kolęda [kɔˈlɛnda], Old Polish kolenda) the meaning has shifted from
Christmas itself to denoting the tradition of strolling, singing, and having
fun on Christmas Eve, same in the Balkan Slavs. It specifically applies to
children and teens who walk house to house greeting people, singing and sifting
grain that denotes the best wishes and receiving candy and small money in
return. The action is called kolyadovannya in Ukrainian and is now applied to
similar Old East Slavic celebrations of other old significant holidays, such as
Generous Eve (Belarusian: Шчодры вечар, Ukrainian: Щедрий вечiр) the evening
before New Year's Day, as well as the celebration of the arrival of spring.
Similarly in Bulgaria and Macedonia, in the tradition of koleduvane (коледуване)
or koledarenje (коледарење) around Christmas, groups of kids visiting houses,
singing carols and receiving a gift at parting. The kids are called 'koledari'
or rarely 'kolezhdani' who sing kolyadka (songs).
Koleda is also celebrated across northern
Greece by the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia, in areas from Florina to
Thessaloniki, where it is called Koleda (Κόλιντα, Κόλιαντα) or Koleda Babo
(Κόλιντα Μπάμπω) which means "Koleda Grandmother" in Slavic. It is
celebrated before Christmas by gathering in the village square and lighting a
bonfire, followed by local Macedonian music and dancing.
Green week
Green week (Зелёные Святки, also known as
Семи́к – Semik, ukrainian: Зелені Свята) is an ancient Slavic fertility
festival celebrated in early June and closely linked with the cult of the dead
and the spring agricultural rites. It usually fell upon the Thursday of the
Green Week (better known as Trinity Week in Russia and the Whitsuntide week in
Britain). Its name is derived from the Slavic word for "seven",
because the Green Week was the seventh (sometimes the eighth) week after
Easter. The end of Semik inaugurated the celebrations of the Trinity Sunday.
The Rusalki were believed to be at their most
dangerous during the Green Week (Russian: русальная неделя), and were supposed
to have left their watery depths in order to swing on branches of birch and
willow trees at night. Peasant women sometimes hung offerings to appease them.
A cross, a magic circle, incense, garlic, wormwood, a pin or poker and verbal
charms were used to render the rusalki harmless. Swimming was strictly
forbidden, lest mermaids would drag the swimmer down to the river floor.
On Semik, funeral services were held for
those who had not received a proper burial. Peasants decorated the insides and
outsides of their houses with birch branches, and they selected a birch tree to
decorate with ribbons and beads. The birch was usually left in the forest, but
was sometimes brought into the village. The birch (referred to as
"semik", just like the holiday itself) was seen as a symbol of
vegetative power and stood as a focal point for girls' singing and dancing.
Vows of eternal friendship were made here. Like Kostroma during Maslenitsa,
this fertility symbol was destroyed at the end of the festivities. Usually, it
was drowned "in order to provide the needed rainfall for the sprouting
crops".
Maslenitsa
Maslenitsa (Russian: Ма́сленица, Ukrainian:
Масниця, Belarusian: Масьленіца, Polish: Zapusty, Slovak: Fašiangy, Czech:
Masopust, Silezian: Kozelek, Moravian: Voračky, Voráčí, Končiny, Slovenian:
Pustni teden, Serbian: Покладе, Bolgarian: Сирна седмица/Сирни заговезни,
Macedonian: Проштена недеља; also known as Butter Week, Crepe week, or
Cheesefare Week), is an ancient Slavic religious and folk holiday, celebrated
during the last week before Great Lent, that is, the eighth week before Eastern
Orthodox Pascha (Easter). Maslenitsa corresponds to the Western Christian
Carnival, except that Orthodox Lent begins on a Monday instead of a Wednesday,
and the Orthodox date of Easter can differ greatly from the Western Christian
date.
According to archeological evidence from 2nd
century A.D. Maslenitsa may be the oldest surviving Russian holiday. Maslenitsa has its origins in the pagan tradition. In Slavic mythology,
Maslenitsa is a sun-festival, personified by the ancient god Volos, and a
celebration of the imminent end of the winter. In the Christian tradition,
Maslenitsa is the last week before the onset of Great Lent.
During the week of Maslenitsa, meat is
already forbidden to Orthodox Christians, and it is the last week during which
eggs, milk, cheese and other dairy products are permitted, leading to its name
of "Cheese-fare week" (Russian: сыропустная неделя) or "Crepe
week". The most characteristic food of Maslenitsa is bliny thin pancakes
or crepes, made from the rich foods still allowed by the Orthodox tradition
that week: butter, eggs and milk. During pagan times, the round shape and
golden color signified praise to the Sun because of pancakes' resemblance to it.
Since Lent excludes parties, secular music,
dancing and other distractions from spiritual life, Maslenitsa represents the
last chance to take part in social activities that are not appropriate during
the more prayerful, sober and introspective Lenten season. It is a time when
societal rules could be broken including wearing masks and clothing of the
opposite gender, role-playing, gorging, and consuming large amounts of alcohol.
In some regions, each day of Maslenitsa had
its traditional activity. Monday may be the welcoming of “Lady
Maslenitsa”(чучело Масленицы). The community builds the Maslenitsa effigy out
of straw (из соломыout), decorated with pieces of rags, and fixed to a pole
formerly known as Kostroma. It is paraded around and the first pancakes may be
made and offered to the poor. On Tuesday, young men might search for a fiancée
to marry after lent. On Wednesday sons-in-law may visit their mother-in-law who
has prepared pancakes and invited other guests for a party. Thursday may be
devoted to outdoor activities. People may take off work and spend the day
sledding, ice skating, snowball fights and with sleigh rides. On Friday
sons-in-law may may invite their mothers-in-law for dinner. Saturday may be a
gathering of a young wife with her sisters-in-law to work on a good
relationship; The Russian word for sister-in-law (золовка) stems from the word
evil (зло), and невестка the brother’s wife means outsider and illustrates the
traditional relationship.
Sunday of Forgiveness
The last day of Cheesefare Week is called
"Forgiveness Sunday" (Воскресенье— проводы). Relatives and friends
ask each other for forgiveness and might offer them small presents. As the
culmination of the celebration people gather to "strip Lady Maslenitsa of
her finery" and burn her in a bonfire. Left-over pancakes may also be
thrown into the fire and Lady Maslenitsa's ashes are buried in the snow to
"fertilize the crops".
At Vespers on Sunday evening, people may make
a poklon (bow) before one another and ask forgiveness. Another name for
Forgiveness Sunday is "Cheesefare Sunday," because for devout
Orthodox Christians it is the last day on which dairy products may be consumed
until Easter. Fish, wine and olive oil will also be forbidden on most days of
Great Lent. The day following Cheesefare Sunday is called Clean Monday, because
people have confessed their sins, asked forgiveness, and begin Great Lent with
a clean slate.
Ostatki, zapusty (lud. mięsopust, śląs.
kozelek, odpowiednik prawosławnej maslenicy) – słowo to oznacza ostatnie dni
karnawału od tłustego czwartku kończące się zawsze we wtorek, zwany w Polsce
„śledzikiem” (w Wielkopolsce jest to tzw. „podkoziołek”). Następny dzień –
Środa Popielcowa – oznacza początek wielkiego postu i oczekiwania na Wielkanoc.
Obydwa święta są świętami ruchomymi. W ostatki urządza się ostatnie huczne
zabawy, bale przed nadchodzącym okresem wstrzemięźliwości.
Największym balem karnawałowym jest karnawał
w Rio de Janeiro rozpoczynający się w ostatni piątek przed Środą Popielcową i
trwający przez pięć dni aż do środy nad ranem.
Poniższa tabelka przedstawia, kiedy wypada
ostatni dzień karnawału w latach 2010–2019.
In Russia name for this celebration Мясопуст
(in Polish transcription Miasopust) remained in church books only.
One of the prominent feature of this ancient
Slavic tradition is making and burning a strawman/strawoman which symbolizes
winter.
Egg decorating in Slavic culture
The tradition of egg decoration in Slavic
cultures originated in pagan times, and was transformed by the process of
religious syncretism into the Christian Easter egg. Nevertheless, these
decorated eggs have retained much of their pagan symbolism.
Many Slavic ethnic groups, including the
Belarusians (пісанка, pisanka), Bulgarians (писано яйце, pisano yaytse), Croats
(pisanica), Czechs (kraslice), Poles (pisanka), Serbs (pisanica), Slovaks
(kraslica), Slovenes (pisanica, pirhi or remenke), Sorbs (jejka pisać) and
Ukrainians (писанка, pysanka) decorate eggs for Easter. Many of the names
derive from the Slavic root pisa which relates to painting (and cognate with
Latin pictura). In Slavic tradition, the egg (similar to icons) is written, not
drawn or painted. This is a Central and Eastern European and not strictly
Slavic tradition, since non-Slavic ethnic groups in the area also practice it:
Hungarians (hímestojás), Lithuanians (margutis), and Romanians (ouă vopsite,
incondeiate or impistrite)).
The pattern is often applied to an egg by the
process of wax-resist, similar to batik. A stylus is used to apply hot wax to
the shell of an egg, which is placed in a series of dye baths. The wax seals
the dye into the egg; the colors and pattern are revealed when the wax is
removed (by melting it off) at the end.
Other techniques include
"drop-pull" eggs, a variation on batik which uses a simple pin head
to apply wax; a "scratch" technique, where dye is applied to an egg
and then patterns scratched onto the shell; painted eggs, where the shells are
painted using a brush; and various versions of appliqué, where items (straw,
paper, beads, sequins) are glued to the shell of an egg.
While decorated eggs of various Slavic
nations have much in common, national traditions vary.
